The AMSR-E measurements continue, with improved resolution and accuracy, a satellite record of changes in the extent of polar ice that extends back to the 1970s.ĪMSR-E and MODIS also provide monitoring of snow coverage over land, another key indicator of climate change. AMSR-E doesn’t record as much detail about ice features as MODIS does, but it can distinguish ice versus open water even when it is cloudy. When it comes to sea ice, AMSR-E and MODIS provide complementary information. Sea ice is important to the Earth system not just as an important element in the habitat of polar bears, penguins, and some species of seals, but also because it can insulate the underlying liquid water against heat loss to the often frigid overlying polar atmosphere and because it reflects sunlight that would otherwise be available to warm the ocean. Among much else, AMSR-E and MODIS are being used to study sea ice. Water in the atmosphere is hardly the only focus of the Aqua mission.
The sensor measures microwave energy, some of which passes through clouds, and so the sensor can detect the rainfall even under the clouds. One of the many variables AMSR-E monitors is global precipitation. It is as if the entire amount of water in the air were removed and replenished nearly 40 times a year. However, far more water-in fact, some 495,000 cubic kilometers of it-are cycled through the atmosphere every year. The amount of water in the atmosphere at any moment in time is only 12,900 cubic kilometers, a minute fraction of Earth’s total water supply: if it were to completely rain out, atmospheric moisture would cover the Earth’s surface to a depth of only 2.5 centimeters. The boundary between these two zones is known as the water table, which rises or falls as the amount of groundwater changes. Groundwater is found in two broadly defined layers of the soil, the “zone of aeration,” where gaps in the soil are filled with both air and water, and, further down, the “zone of saturation,” where the gaps are completely filled with water. At different stages of the cycle, some of the water is intercepted by humans or other life forms for drinking, washing, irrigating, and a large variety of other uses. Almost all of the water eventually flows into the oceans or other bodies of water, where the cycle continues. Some of it evaporates, returning to the atmosphere some seeps into the ground as soil moisture or groundwater and some runs off into rivers and streams. When precipitation falls over the land surface, it follows various routes in its subsequent paths. Cloud droplets can grow and produce precipitation (including rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain, and hail), which is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. In the cool air, water vapor is more likely to condense from a gas to a liquid to form cloud droplets. For example, a cornfield 1 acre in size can transpire as much as 4,000 gallons of water every day.Īfter the water enters the lower atmosphere, rising air currents carry it upward, often high into the atmosphere, where the air is cooler. While evaporation from the oceans is the primary vehicle for driving the surface-to-atmosphere portion of the hydrologic cycle, transpiration is also significant.
#The weathering magazine water plus#
Together, evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation, plus volcanic emissions, account for almost all the water vapor in the atmosphere that isn’t inserted through human activities. The gradual shrinking of snow banks in cases when the temperature remains below freezing results from sublimation.
In addition, a very small portion of water vapor enters the atmosphere through sublimation, the process by which water changes directly from a solid (ice or snow) to a gas. Plants take in water through their roots, then release it through small pores on the underside of their leaves.
Most of the remaining 10% found in the atmosphere is released by plants through transpiration. Studies have revealed that evaporation-the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas-from oceans, seas, and other bodies of water (lakes, rivers, streams) provides nearly 90% of the moisture in our atmosphere.
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